Describe the recent finds on the “Nature-Nurture Controversy|My homework helper
Posted: January 30th, 2023
- Describe the recent finds on the “Nature-Nurture Controversy.” How do evolutionary theory (evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology) and the study of genetics fit in to this discussion? What are the implications for the biopsychologist? And finally, is there a controversy at all?
- Describe the process of action potential conduction and neurotransmission from one neuron to another, both electrically (including saltatory conduction) and chemically. Describe how a cell fires an action potential and be sure to address which structures are involved in neurotransmission. Discuss reuptake and enzymatic degradation (breakdown) in the context of the appropriate neurotransmitters.
- Discuss some of the methodological approaches that can be used to examine the influence of multiple genes on behavior. Then discuss what transgenic animals are and how they are produced.
- What is the medial forebrain bundle? Discuss the evidence for and against its involvement in reward.In addition, review the evidence showing that the brain’s dopamine pathways are critically involved in pleasure and reward
- Describe the main structures of the brain stem, the midbrain, and forebrain, including the basal ganglia, the limbic system and the cerebral cortex. What functions and behaviors are these regions known to control?
SOLUTION
- The “Nature-Nurture Controversy” refers to the debate on the relative importance of genetics and environment in shaping human behavior and development. Evolutionary theory, specifically evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology, suggests that certain behaviors and traits have evolved as adaptations to environmental challenges, while genetics research has provided evidence for the heritability of various traits and behaviors. The implications for biopsychologists are that both nature and nurture play a role in human development, with the importance of each varying for different traits and behaviors. There is still ongoing debate on the extent of the contributions of each factor, but it is generally accepted that both nature and nurture are important.
- Action potential conduction and neurotransmission involve the transfer of electrical and chemical signals between neurons. An action potential is initiated when the resting potential of a neuron reaches a threshold, causing rapid depolarization and ion influx. This triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters then bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, leading to either an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic neuron. Saltatory conduction refers to the process by which an action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next, allowing for faster conduction of the electrical signal. Reuptake refers to the process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the presynaptic neuron, while enzymatic degradation refers to the breakdown of neurotransmitters by specific enzymes.
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