Perception and Individual Decision Making|My course tutor

Posted: February 23rd, 2023

Question:

Although intuition certainly plays a role in decision-making, can a test actually tell us whether we are prejudiced? Is the number of milli-seconds it takes to select an association between two concepts enough to tell someone that he/she is biased? What are your thoughts as it pertains to these questions? Please explain.

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Organizational Behavior

Eighteenth Edition

Chapter 6

Perception and Individual Decision Making

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Welcome to this Organizational Behavior course that uses the 18th edition of the textbook, Organizational Behavior by Robbins and Judge. This is considered among the most widely used OB textbooks in the world. Robbins and Judge are recognized as definitive aggregators of OB concepts, applications, and practices. The course and this book will provide you with a resource that will benefit you throughout your degree program and your professional life.

Learning Objectives

6.1 Explain the factors that influence perception.

6.2 Describe attribution theory.

6.3 Explain the link between perception and decision making.

6.4 Contrast the rational model of decision making with bounded rationality and intuition.

6.5 Explain how individual differences and organizational constraints affect decision making.

6.6 Contrast the three ethical decision criteria.

6.7 Describe the three-stage model of creativity.

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

Explain the factors that influence perception.

Describe attribution theory.

Explain the link between perception and decision making.

Contrast the rational model of decision making with bounded rationality and intuition.

Explain how individual differences and organizational constraints affect decision making.

Contrast the three ethical decision criteria.

Describe the three-stage model of creativity.

Explain the Factors That Influence Perception (1 of 2)

Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to give meaning to their environment.

It is important to the study of OB because people’s behaviors are based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to give meaning to their environment. It is important to the study of OB because people’s behaviors are based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

Explain the Factors That Influence Perception (2 of 2)

Exhibit 6-1 Factors That Influence Perception

Many factors shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, the object or target being perceived, or the situation in which the perception is made (see Exhibit 6-1).

Explain Attribution Theory (1 of 10)

Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual’s behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused.

Determination depends on three factors:

Distinctiveness

Consensus

Consistency

Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual’s behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination depends largely on three factors: distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency. We’ll talk more about each of these in a minute.

Explain Attribution Theory (2 of 10)

Clarification of the differences between internal and external causation

Internally caused – those that are believed to be under the personal control of the individual.

Externally caused – resulting from outside causes.

First, let’s clarify the differences between internal and external causation. Internally caused behaviors are those who are believed to be under the personal control of the individual. Externally caused behavior is seen as resulting from outside causes; that is, the person is seen as having been forced into the behavior by the situation.

Explain Attribution Theory (3 of 10)

Exhibit 6-2 Attribution Theory

Now, let’s look at each of the three determining factors shown here in Exhibit 6-2, more closely. Distinctiveness refers to whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations. Consensus occurs if everyone who is faced with a similar situation responds in the same way. Finally, is there consistency in a person’s actions.

Explain Attribution Theory (4 of 10)

Fundamental attribution error

We have a tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal or personal factors.

Self-serving bias

Individuals attribute their own successes to internal factors.

Errors or biases can distort attributions. Fundamental attribution error occurs when we underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal or personal factors. Self-serving bias occurs when individuals attribute their own successes to internal factors, such as ability or effort, while putting the blame for failure on external factors, such as luck.

Explain Attribution Theory (5 of 10)

Common Shortcuts in Judging Others

Selective perception

Any characteristic that makes a person, object, or event stand out will increase the probability that it will be perceived.

Since we can’t observe everything going on around us, we engage in selective perception.

We use a number of shortcuts when we judge others, but it’s important to recognize that while these shortcuts can be helpful, they can also result in significant distortions.

Let’s begin with selective perception. Any characteristic that makes a person, object, or event stand out will increase the probability that it will be perceived. Since we can’t observe everything going on around us, we engage in selective perception.

Explain Attribution Theory (6 of 10)

Halo effect

The halo effect occurs when we draw a general impression based on a single characteristic.

Contrast effects

We do not evaluate a person in isolation.

Our reaction to one person is influenced by other persons we have recently encountere

SOLUTION

Regarding the question of whether a test can tell us if we are prejudiced, the answer is yes and no. Tests such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) have been developed to measure unconscious biases, which can contribute to prejudice. However, it is important to note that these tests are not perfect and have been subject to some criticism. Some argue that the tests may not accurately reflect real-world behavior and can be influenced by factors such as fatigue or distractions.

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