operational amplifier configuration|My homework helper

Posted: March 13th, 2023

Report on one of the topics from the list below and explain in your  OWN words its basic operation, and uses.  Identify which basic  operational amplifier configuration is being used in the application  (inverting, non-inverting or voltage divider) and which gain equation is  needed for the application.

  • Comparators
  • Summing Amplifiers
  • Integrators
  • DifferentiatorsElectronic Devices

    10th ed.

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    Chapter 13

    Basic Op-Amp Circuits

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Electronic Devices

    10th ed.

    ◆ Describe and analyze the operation of several types of

    comparator circuits

    ◆ Describe and analyze the operation of several types of

    summing amplifiers

    ◆ Describe and analyze the operation of integrators and

    differentiators

    ◆ Troubleshoot op-amp circuits

    Objectives:

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Electronic Devices

    Comparators

    A comparator is a specialized nonlinear op-amp circuit that compares two input voltages and produces an output state that indicates which one is greater. Comparators are designed to be fast and frequently have other capabilities to optimize the comparison function.

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Electronic Devices

    Comparators

    A comparator is a specialized nonlinear op-amp circuit that compares two input voltages and produces an output state that indicates which one is greater. Comparators are designed to be fast and frequently have other capabilities to optimize the comparison function.

    An example of a comparator application is shown. The circuit detects a power failure in order to take an action to save data. As long as the comparator senses Vin, the output will be a dc level.

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Electronic Devices

    Comparator with Hysteresis

    Sometimes the input signal to a comparator may vary due to noise superimposed on the input. The result can be an unstable output. To avoid this, hysteresis can be used.

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Electronic Devices

    Comparator with Hysteresis

    Sometimes the input signal to a comparator may vary due to noise superimposed on the input. The result can be an unstable output. To avoid this, hysteresis can be used.

    Hysteresis is incorporated by adding regenerative (positive) feedback, which creates two switching points: the upper trigger point (UTP) and the lower trigger point (LTP). After one trigger point is crossed, it becomes inactive and the other one becomes active.

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Electronic Devices

    Comparator with Hysteresis

    A comparator with hysteresis is also called a Schmitt trigger. The trigger points are found by applying the voltage-divider rule:

    and

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Electronic Devices

    Comparator with Hysteresis

    A comparator with hysteresis is also called a Schmitt trigger. The trigger points are found by applying the voltage-divider rule:

    and

    Example:

    What are the trigger points for the circuit if the maximum output is ±13 V?

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Electronic Devices

    Comparator with Hysteresis

    A comparator with hysteresis is also called a Schmitt trigger. The trigger points are found by applying the voltage-divider rule:

    and

    Solution:

    Example:

    What are the trigger points for the circuit if the maximum output is ±13 V?

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Electronic Devices

    Comparator with Hysteresis

    A comparator with hysteresis is also called a Schmitt trigger. The trigger points are found by applying the voltage-divider rule:

    and

    Solution:

    Example:

    What are the trigger points for the circuit if the maximum output is ±13 V?

    = 2.28 V

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Electronic Devices

    Comparator with Hysteresis

    A comparator with hysteresis is also called a Schmitt trigger. The trigger points are found by applying the voltage-divider rule:

    and

    Solution:

    Example:

    What are the trigger points for the circuit if the maximum output is ±13 V?

    = 2.28 V

    By symmetry, the lower trigger point = -2.28 V

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Electronic Devices

    Output Bounding

    Some applications require a limit to the output of the comparator (such as a digital circuit). The output can be limited by using one or two zener diodes in the feedback circuit.

    The circuit shown here is bounded as a positive value equal to the zener breakdown voltage.

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Electronic Devices

    Comparator Applications

    A comparator with hysteresis can produce a pulse with a variable duty cycle. For the circuit shown, Vout(max) ranges from 0 V to +5 V because of the GND and VDD connections on the LM311.

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Electronic Devices

    Comparator Applications

    A comparator with hysteresis can produce a pulse with a variable duty cycle. For the circuit shown, Vout(max) ranges from 0 V to +5 V because of the GND and VDD connections on the LM311.

    The input is the red triangle wave (0 to 4 V). The duty cycle is varied with R2.

    With R2 set to 100%, a 50% duty cycle is the result.

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Electronic Devices

    Comparator Applications

    A comparator with hysteresis can produce a pulse with a variable duty cycle. For the circuit shown, Vout(max) ranges from 0 V to +5 V because of the GND and VDD connections on the LM311.

    The input is the red triangle wave (0 to 4 V). The duty cycle is varied with R2.

    With R2 set to 5%, a short pulse is the result.

    Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

    Electronic Devices

SOLUTION

The basic operation of an integrator is to output a voltage that is proportional to the input voltage’s time integral. When a voltage is applied to the input of the integrator, the capacitor charges or discharges depending on the polarity of the input voltage. The capacitor’s charge or discharge rate is determined by the input voltage and the capacitor’s value. The operational amplifier adjusts its output voltage to ensure that the capacitor’s voltage follows the input voltage, which results in the output voltage being proportional to the input voltage’s time integral.

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